Metaphor

Open Access Article

1 - Grammatical Metaphor: A New Criterion for Distinguishing the Language of Science and Literature
حسین رضویان ساجده مبارکی

One of the common concepts in systemic functional grammar of Michael Halliday is grammatical metaphor, generally introduced as a kind of metaphor. Halliday introduced and distinguished three grammatical metaphors: ideational, interpersonal and textual. This article revi More

One of the common concepts in systemic functional grammar of Michael Halliday is grammatical metaphor, generally introduced as a kind of metaphor. Halliday introduced and distinguished three grammatical metaphors: ideational, interpersonal and textual. This article reviewed the degree and method of applying different kinds of grammatical metaphors in scientific and literary texts. To do so, authors selected and analyzed one scientific work titled “an Introduction to Sociology of Language” by Yahya Modarresi and one literary text named “Tangsir” by Sadeq Chubak as their samples. Their findings showed that the degree of using different kinds of grammatical metaphors is not equal in scientific and literary texts. It seems that authors of scientific texts used grammatical metaphors to enrich contents, information summarization, making texts more technical for target audiences, making contents clearer and other reasons. The author of literary text used grammatical metaphors as few as possible. Abovementioned reasons do not apply in literary texts and this justifies its less usage. Therefore, the article attempts to introduce grammatical metaphor as a new criterion for distinguishing scientific and literary texts by providing enough proofs from these two texts. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - A Critical Review of Implicit Metaphor in Rhetorical Works
Ahmad

One of the controversial issues related to metaphor is implicit metaphor. There is no evidence of this metaphor in the first rhetorical works. Later, Jurjani discussed this type of metaphor but didn’t give a name to it. Since this term was coined, there were argues whet More

One of the controversial issues related to metaphor is implicit metaphor. There is no evidence of this metaphor in the first rhetorical works. Later, Jurjani discussed this type of metaphor but didn’t give a name to it. Since this term was coined, there were argues whether it is right or not. Some did not accept it as a metaphor; some recognized it as a kind of implicit simile, and some just repeated other’s views. Some researchers tried to solve the issue by considering it a kind of personification. However, they have finally admitted that the implicit metaphor is broader and more inclusive than personification. In addition to studying and reviewing this term chronologically in rhetorical works, in this paper, it is shown that rhetoricians were more interested in lexical aspects of this term rather than the definition of metaphor and focus on the implicit metaphor from a terminological aspect. While based on the definition of Sakkaki and some other rhetoricians, this structure is considered "metaphor", terms such as being “imaginative” can not be accepted. Personification, submerged metaphor, and animism must be recognized as branches of the implicit metaphor, not as alternatives for it. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Investigating the Role of Conceptual Metaphors in the Evolution of literary styles (Relying on Body Metaphors in Farrokhi Sistani, Anvari, and Hafiz's poems)
Mohammad Taheri Masoumeh Archandani

20.1001.1.17351030.1399.18.59.1.2

The conceptual metaphor is the mind’s technique for conceptualizing affairs. The mind tries to conceive and contemplate some intangible affairs for itself with the help of this fundamental construct. Hence, it is expected that by changing it, we will also see a change i More

The conceptual metaphor is the mind’s technique for conceptualizing affairs. The mind tries to conceive and contemplate some intangible affairs for itself with the help of this fundamental construct. Hence, it is expected that by changing it, we will also see a change in thought-related macro-systems. Among these macrosystems are literary styles that have many factors involved in changing them. This article tries to answer the question of how the change of conceptual metaphors in time has an effect on the change of literary styles through analytical-descriptive method. To answer it, we trace the conceptual metaphors related to the body, which include the words "hand, eye, heart and head", in a selection of poems by Farrokhi Sistani, Anvari and Hafez. By analyzing the obtained information, we conclude that conceptual metaphors have undergone significant changes over time that are in line with the evolution of literary styles and are variables affecting the evolution of styles. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - A Study on How "Odors"are Descibed in Persian Written Texts
azam estaji

The present paper studies how odors are described in selected data from Persian written texts. For this purpose, instances of the use of the word "odor" and its dependents were extracted from two written corpus (including news and fiction texts, with about nine million More

The present paper studies how odors are described in selected data from Persian written texts. For this purpose, instances of the use of the word "odor" and its dependents were extracted from two written corpus (including news and fiction texts, with about nine million words) and were classified and described based on structural and semantic features. Examination of the data shows that odors in Persian are described more with Ezafet constructions than descriptive constructions (82% vs. 18%). Regarding the method of describing odors, it was also found that Persian speakers prefer to describe odors with reference to their origin rather than using adjectives. In addition, it was found that in Ezafet constructions where odor is described with an noun, odor finds metaphorical usage and is used figuratively to mean "effect and sign". Regarding the adjectives used to describe odors, it was found that on the one hand there are limited adjectives to describe odors and on the other hand these adjectives can be semantically divided into three categories: pleasant adjectives, unpleasant adjectives and adjectives that emphasize odor specificity. In addition, the comparison of the two data sets showed that in the data extracted from news texts, the ratio of metaphorical use of smell was higher and in the data extracted from fictional texts, the ratio of describing smell by referring to its origin was higher, this difference can be explained by the nature of the texts being analyzed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Eponym (Nambakhsh): Eponym (Nambakhsh): A kind of rhetoric in Persian language
hosein ghorbanpoor elmira taslimi

The eponym is a noun and an adjective that has become a concept. In fact, the concept has become one with the object, and nowis used in as aconcept that has been accepted by the collective subconscious.Unlike Metaphor, eponym is not used in literary language; rather it More

The eponym is a noun and an adjective that has become a concept. In fact, the concept has become one with the object, and nowis used in as aconcept that has been accepted by the collective subconscious.Unlike Metaphor, eponym is not used in literary language; rather it is mostly used in common language; and contrary to metaphor, which requires a symmetrical understanding, eponym is rooted in the unconscious group of a particular people or culture.In fact, eponyms are stereotyped metaphors which understanding them depends on cultural similarity. Such words have been widely used in language; but in Persian, so far no research has been done on this genre. This research seeks to introduce eponym as a genre and also to classify such nouns based on their semantic domain and type of its usage.The method of this research has been qualitative and its data has been done based on descriptive-analytical method and using library study tools. The result of this division is putting eponyms in eight different groups: religious and non-religious, animals and people, positive and negative, politics and place. On the other hand, they have been put in six categories: names of persons, animals, place, accessories related to religious and mythical elders, and in the meanings of virtual worlds and adjective. The most frequent eponyms in Persian are special nouns that have become adjectives such as Iblis and the Antichrist. Some eponyms are animals that have become adjectivessuch as carnivores and hyenas. Some place names have also become adjectives; like Sahrayeh Karbala & Resurrection. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Analyzing the Evolution of the Level of Politeness inThe Persian-Speaking Community of Iran (1350-1390) Based on the Corpus Analysis
Elham Izadi Mehrdad Meshkinfam

20.1001.1.17351030.1402.21.68.1.1

One of the socio-cognitive factors that is encoded in each language using different linguistic tools is the concept of politeness. Understanding and expressing the abstract concept of politeness is only possible through objective concepts; That is, the understanding of More

One of the socio-cognitive factors that is encoded in each language using different linguistic tools is the concept of politeness. Understanding and expressing the abstract concept of politeness is only possible through objective concepts; That is, the understanding of these abstract concepts is facilitated by expressing these concepts in an objective form. Since encoding the concept of politeness in language is a linguistic feature that shapes the surrounding environment and changes over time; In this research, we will express the concept of politeness in the Persian language objectively and concretely and we will try to answer the question that "does the Iranian Persian-speaking community use the possibilities of expressing politeness more than before and as a result if these possibilities have increased in Farsi?" In other words, "Has the Persian-speaking society become more polite?" In fact, we want to know if the Iranian society has become more polite in the past five decades or not. In order to find the answer to this question, we have to examine the cognitive and mental representation of the concept of politeness in the Persian language in order to determine whether it has had a downward or upward trend. In order to investigate this issue, several different linguistic tools, including the frequency of occurrence of conceptual metaphors, permissible metaphors, idioms, euphemisms, and figures of speech. This study can show the changes of politeness over time and the possible reasons (social, political, and cultural reasons) of these changes in the Persian language in each decade. Based on this, the cognitive model of the Persian language can be presented from the point of view of politeness. The body examined in this research includes the following: speeches of political officials, movies, press texts (newspapers and magazines) and songs. The results of the research show that rudeness has been on the rise over the past 50 years. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Metaphorical Synesthesia or Cross-Modal Correspondences? A Cognitive-Semantic Approach to Multi-Modal Expressions in Sa’adi’s Boostan
Mahmood Naghizadeh

Synesthesia or sensory fusion is represented through cross-modal expressions in language. In synesthesia, there is a kind of meaning transfer between words of different modalities. The present study aims at exploring mechanisms involved in transferring predicates from o More

Synesthesia or sensory fusion is represented through cross-modal expressions in language. In synesthesia, there is a kind of meaning transfer between words of different modalities. The present study aims at exploring mechanisms involved in transferring predicates from one sense modality to another. And also we explore factors involved in interpreting cross-modal expressions in Sa’adi’s Boostan using tenets of cognitive semantics such as embodied meaning, cultural factors and evaluative content of sensory terms along with the role human's mental architecture in deriving different literal and non-literal meanings from these expressions. The data include cross-modal expressions collected from Sa’adi’s Boostan and analysis is carried out in a descriptive method. Results show that our understanding of meaning transfer between sensory modalities is syncretic rather than metaphorical. Therefore, predicate transfer in cross-modal expressions in Sa’adi’s Boostan is done through mechanisms such as experiential correlations between different concepts, conceptual metonymy and evaluative valence of sense words. Furthermore, there are psychologically primitive concepts for sense words in Sa’adi’s Boostan that span all domains of sensory experience and are activated in presence of certain stimuli to trigger derivation of various literal meanings. Finally, Iranian Culture and lifestyle in Saadi's period play their role as a filter for preventing elements that are not in accordance with Persian culture from appearing in linguistic realization. Manuscript profile

Current Issue

Published Issues

Menu

Browse

List of Articles Metaphor